Пандемия: Всемирная история смертельных вирусов

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189

Maryn McKenna, "E. Coli: Some Answers, Many Questions Still," Wired.com, June 22, 2011; Yonatan H. Grad et al., "Comparative Genomics of Recent Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O104: H4: Short-Term Evolution of an Emerging Pathogen," mBio 4, no. 1 (2013): e00452–12.

190

Ross Anderson, "Sprouts and Bacteria: It's the Growing Conditions," Food Safety News, June 6, 2011.

191

G. Gault et al., "Outbreak of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome and Bloody Diarrhoea Due to Escherichia coli O104: H4, South-West France, June 2011," Eurosurveillance 16, no. 26 (2011).

192

McKenna, "E. Coli: Some Answers; "'A Totally New Disease Pattern': Doctors Shaken by Outbreak's Neurological Devastation," Spiegel Online, June 9, 2011; Gault, "Outbreak of Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome."

193

Ralf P. Vonberg et al., "Duration of Fecal Shedding of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O104: H4 in Patients Infected During the 2011 Outbreak in Germany: A Multicenter Study," Clinical Infectious Diseases 56 (2013).

194

Haiti Grassroots Watch, "Behind the Cholera Epidemic – Excreta," December 21, 2010.

195

George, The Big Necessity, 89, 99.

196

Solomon, Water, 265.

197

Интервью с Брайаном Конканноном, 23 июля 2013 года.

198

Haiti Grassroots Watch, "Behind the Cholera Epidemic."

199

Associated Press interview, "UN Envoy Farmer Says Haiti Cholera Outbreak Is Now World's Worst," Oct. 18, 2011.

200

Walsh, "Dissemination of NDM-1 Positive Bacteria."

201

В январе 2011 года у больного в Гонконге обнаружился штамм E. coli с NDM-1. Поскольку ранее в больницах он не лежал, специалисты предполагают, что заразиться он мог от загрязненной экскрементами воды или почвы. В мае 2011 года NDM-1 был выявлен у пациента в Канаде. Учитывая, что восьмидесятишестилетний мужчина не выезжал за пределы западной части Онтарио по меньшей мере десять лет, для него источником инфекции тоже могла послужить загрязненная окружающая среда. McKenna, "The Enemy Within"; J. V. Kus et al., "New Delhi Metallo-ss-lactamase-1: Local Acquisition in Ontario, Canada, and Challenges in Detection," Canadian Medical Association Journal 183, no. 11 (Aug. 9, 2011): 1257–61.

202

Хотя переносчики и не имеют видимых признаков болезни, они все равно могут, сами того не ведая, способствовать распространению, выделяя с испражнениями до 500 млн холерных вибрионов в день. (Из расчета 1 млн холерных вибрионов на грамм фекалий, если в среднем человек производит 500 г фекалий в день.) Feachem, Sanitation and Disease. C. T. Codeço, "Endemic and Epidemic Dynamics of Cholera: The Role of the Aquatic Reservoir," BMC Infectious Diseases 1, no. 1 (2001); Atkins, Reports of Hospital Physicians.

203

Иммунитет к холере вырабатывается надолго, однако механизмы его возникновения пока не установлены. Eric J. Nelson et al., "Cholera Transmission: The Host, Pathogen and Bacteriophage Dynamic," Nature Reviews Microbiology 7, no. 10 (2009): 693–702.

204

Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 35.

205

James D. Oliver, "The Viable but Nonculturable State in Bacteria," The Journal of Microbiology 43, no. 1 (2005): 93–100.

206

Anbinder, Five Points, 14–27; Ashenburg, The Dirt on Clean, 178; Richard Plunz, A History of Housing in New York City (New York: Columbia University Press, 1990).

207

Simon Szreter, "Economic Growth, Disruption, Deprivation, Disease, and Death: On the Importance of the Politics of Public Health for Development," Population and Development Review 23 (1997): 693–728.

208

John Reader, Potato: A History of the Propitious Esculent (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009).

209

Ian Steadman, "Mystery Irish Potato Famine Pathogen Identified 170 Years Later," Wired UK, May 21, 2013.

210

Reader, Potato; Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations, 5th ed. (New York: Free Press, 2003), 452; W. C. Paddock, "Our Last Chance to Win the War on Hunger," Advances in Plant Pathology 8 (1992), 197–222.

211

Duffy, A History of Public Health, 273.

212

Cormac Ó. Gráda and Kevin H. O'Rourke, "Migration as Disaster Relief: Lessons from the Great Irish Famine," European Review of Economic History 1, no. 1 (1997): 3–25.

213

Jacob A. Riis, How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York, ed. David Leviatin (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1996 [1890]), 67; Anbinder, Five Points, 74.

214

Anbinder, Five Points, 81.

215

Plunz, A History of Housing in New York City.

216

Anbinder, Five Points, 74–77.

217

Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 65.

218

Anbinder, Five Points, 14–27, 69, 71, 74–79, 175, 306; Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 34.

219

Davis, The Monster at Our Door, 154.

220

Koeppel, Water for Gotham, 287.

221

Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 104, 106, 113–14, 121, 145; Anbinder, Five Points, 119.

222

Michael R. Haines, "The Urban Mortality Transition in the United States, 1800–1940," National Bureau of Economic Research Historical Paper no. 134, July 2001; Michael Haines, "Health, Height, Nutrition and Mortality: Evidence on the 'Antebellum Puzzle' from Union Army Recruits for New York State and the United States," in John Komlos and Jörg Baten, eds., The Biological Standard of Living in Comparative Perspective (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1998); Robert Woods, "Urban-Rural Mortality Differentials: An Unresolved Debate," Population and Development Review 29, no. 1 (2003): 29–46.

223

Woods, "Urban-Rural Mortality Differentials."

224

Duffy, A History of Public Health, 291.

225

Adam Gopnik, "When Buildings Go Up, the City's Distant Past Has a Way of Resurfacing," The New Yorker, Feb. 4, 2002; Michael O. Allen, "5 Points Had Good Points," Daily News, Feb. 22, 1998.

226

G. T. Kingsley, "Housing, Health, and the Neighborhood Context," American Journal of Preventive Medicine 4, supp. 3 (April 2003): 6–7.

227

Davis, The Monster at Our Door, 154.

228

Nature Conservancy, "Global Impact of Urbanization Threatening World's Biodiversity and Natural Resources," ScienceDaily, June 2008.

229

Davis, The Monster at Our Door, 152.

230

Danielle Nierenberg, "Factory Farming in the Developing World," World Watch magazine 16, no. 3 (May/June 2003).

231

Xavier Pourrut et al., "The Natural History of Ebola Virus in Africa," Microbes and Infection 7, no. 7 (2005): 1005–14.

232

E. M., Leroy, J. P. Gonzalez, and S. Baize, "Ebola and Marburg Haemorrhagic Fever Viruses: Major Scientific Advances, but a Relatively Minor Public Health Threat for Africa," Clinical Microbiology and Infection 17, no. 7 (2011): 964–76.

233

Todd C. Frankel, "It Was Already the Worst Ebola Outbreak in History. Now It's Moving into Africa's Cities," The Washington Post, Aug. 30, 2014; "Ebola Virus Reaches Guinea's Capital Conakry," Al Jazeera, March 28, 2014; "Seven Die in Monrovia Ebola Outbreak," BBC News, June 17, 2014; "Sierra Leone Capital Now in Grip of Ebola," Al Jazeera, Aug. 6, 2014.

234

При этом скорость распространения в столице Сьерра-Леоне – по неизвестным причинам – не изменилась. S. Towers, O. Patterson-Lomba, and Chavez C. Castillo, "Temporal Variations in the Effective Reproduction Number of the 2014 West Africa Ebola Outbreak," PLoS Currents Outbreaks, Sept. 18, 2014.

235

Интервью с Джеймсом Ллойдом-Смитом, 30 ноября 2011 года.

236

Frankel, "It Was Already the Worst Ebola Outbreak."

237

Barry S. Hewlett and Bonnie L. Hewlett, Ebola, Culture and Politics: The Anthropology of an Emerging Disease (Belmont, CA: Thomson Wadsworth, 2008), 55.

238

Paul W. Ewald, Plague Time: How Stealth Infections Cause Cancers, Heart Disease, and Other Deadly Ailments (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), 25.

239

"Pathogen Safety Data Sheet: Infectious Substances: Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Complex," Public Health Agency of Canada, Oct. 6, 2014; Michael Z. David and Robert S. Daum, "Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Epidemiology and Clinical Consequences of an Emerging Epidemic," Clinical Microbiology Reviews 23, no. 3 (2010): 616–87.

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