Выбери любимый жанр

Оценить:

Пандемия: Всемирная история смертельных вирусов

Оглавление

303

Erwin H. Ackerknecht, "Anticontagionism Between 1821 and 1867," International Journal of Epidemiology 38, no. 1 (2009): 7–21.

304

Delaporte, Disease and Civilization, 140.

305

Ackerknecht, "Anticontagionism Between 1821 and 1867."

306

Manley, "Letters addressed to the Board of Health."

307

Эти два подхода к причинам возникновения болезней назывались инфекционным и контагиозным («заразительным»). Инфекцией, от латинского inficere («окрашивать»), считалась болезнь, распространяющаяся в зловонном воздухе и пропитывающая организм, как пропитывали ткань недавно разработанные и крайне вонючие химические красители. Более раннее понятие «заражение» относилось к болезням, передающимся от человека к человеку, как семя передается от растения к растению. Термин происходит от латинского «контактировать с грязью». Delaporte, Disease and Civilization, 182; Snowden, Naples in the Time of Cholera, 68.

308

Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 41.

309

Duffy, A History of Public Health, 161, 330–31.

310

Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 104; Echenberg, Africa in the Time of Cholera, 76; Duffy, A History of Public Health, 166.

311

Tuite, Chan, and Fisman, "Cholera, Canals, and Contagion."

312

Ibid.

313

Transactions of the Medical Society of the State of New York, vol. 1 (Albany, 1833).

314

Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 98; Delaporte, Disease and Civilization, 111.

315

Percy, "Erie Canal."

316

Chambers, The Conquest of Cholera, 39.

317

Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 20, 26.

318

The Cholera Bulletin, vol. 1, nos. 2 and 3, 1832.

319

Rosenberg, The Cholera Years, 25.

320

Snowden, Naples in the Time of Cholera, 197–98, 301–309, 316–57.

321

Davis, The Monster at Our Door, 69–70.

322

Richard Wenzel, "International Perspectives on Infection Control in Healthcare Institutions," International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, March 12, 2012.

323

Davis, The Monster at Our Door, 69–75.

324

Juan O. Tamayo, "Cuba Stays Silent About Deadly Cholera Outbreak," The Miami Herald, Dec. 8, 2012.

325

George, The Big Necessity, 213.

326

Jennifer Yang, "How Medical Sleuths Stopped a Deadly New SARS-like Virus in Its Tracks," Toronto Star, Oct. 21, 2012.

327

Tom Clark, "Drug Resistant Superbug Threatens UK Hospitals," Channel 4 News, Oct. 28, 2010.

328

Интервью с Тимоти Уолшем, 21 декабря 2011 года.

329

www.globalpolicy.org/component/ content/article/221/47211.html.

330

Patricia Cohen, "Oxfam Study Finds Richest 1 % Is Likely to Control Half of Global Wealth by 2016," The New York Times, Jan. 19, 2015.

331

Alexander Fleming, "Penicillin," Nobel lecture, Dec. 11, 1945, www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/ laureates/1945/fleming-lecture.pdf.

332

Spellberg, "Antimicrobial Resistance."

333

Center for Veterinary Medicine, "Summary Report on Antimicrobials Sold or Distributed for Use in Food-Producing Animals," FDA, Sept. 2014.

334

Walsh and Toleman, "The New Medical Challenge."

335

Clark, "Drug Resistant Superbug Threatens UK Hospitals"; Global Antibiotic Resistance Partnership (GARP) – India Working Group, "Rationalizing Antibiotic Use to Limit Antibiotic Resistance in India," The Indian Journal of Medical Research (Sept. 2011): 281–94.

336

D. M. Livermore, "Has the Era of Untreatable Infections Arrived?" The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 64, supp. 1 (2009): i29– i36; T. R. Walsh, "Emerging Carbapenemases: A Global Perspective," International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 36 supp. 3 (2010): s8 – s14.

337

Washer, Emerging Infectious Diseases; David and Daum, "Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus"; McKenna, Superbug, 160.

338

Drexler, Secret Agents, 152–54.

339

Sara Reardon, "FDA Institutes Voluntary Rules on Farm Antibiotics," Nature News, Dec. 11, 2013.

340

McKenna, Superbug, 166.

341

Sara Reardon, "White House Takes Aim at Antibiotic Resistance," Nature News, Sept. 18, 2014.

342

Livermore, "Has the Era of Untreatable Infections Arrived?"

343

Michelle Bahrain et al., "Five Cases of Bacterial Endocarditis After Furunculosis and the Ongoing Saga of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Infections," Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases 38, no. 8 (2006): 702–707.

344

G. R. Nimmo, "USA300 Abroad: Global Spread of a Virulent Strain of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus," Clinical Microbiology and Infection 18, no. 8 (2012): 725–34.

345

David and Daum, "Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus."

346

Bahrain, "Five Cases of Bacterial Endocarditis."

347

Livermore, "Has the Era of Untreatable Infections Arrived?"

348

Pollack, "Looking for a Superbug Killer."

349

McKenna, "The Enemy Within."

350

Peter Utting et al., "UN-Business Partnerships: Whose Agenda Counts?" Transnational Associations, Dec. 8, 2000, 18.

351

J. Patrick Vaughan et al., "WHO and the Effects of Extrabudgetary Funds: Is the Organization Donor Driven?" Health Policy and Planning 11, no. 3 (1996); World Health Organization, "Programme Budget 2014–2015," www.who.int, May 24, 2013.

352

Sheri Fink, "WHO Leader Describes the Agency's Ebola Operations," The New York Times, Sept. 4, 2014.

353

Stuckler et al., "WHO's Bud getary Allocations and Burden of Disease: A Comparative Analysis," The Lancet 372 (2008): 9649.

354

Buse et al., "Public-Private Health Partnerships: A Strategy for WHO," Bulletin of the World Health Organization 79, no. 8 (2001): 748–54.

355

Maria Cheng and Raphael Satter, "Emails Show the World Health Organization Intentionally Delayed Calling Ebola a Public Health Emergency," Associated Press, March 20, 2015; Sarah Boseley, "World Health Organization Admits Botching Response to Ebola Outbreak," The Guardian, Oct. 17, 2014.

356

Andrew Bowman, "The Flip Side to Bill Gates' Charity Billions," New Internationalist, April 2012.

357

Sonia Shah, "Guerrilla War on Malaria," Le Monde Diplomatique, April 2011.

358

У ряда специалистов вызывают вопросы инвестиции Фонда Гейтсов в фармацевтические компании и производство полуфабрикатов. David Stuckler, Sanjay Basu, and Martin McKee, "Global Health Philanthropy and Institutional Relationships: How Should Conflicts of Interest be Addressed?" PLoS Medicine 8, no. 4 (2011): e1001020.

359

Dan Coughlin, "WikiLeaks Haiti: US Cables Paint Portrait of Brutal, Ineffectual and Polluting UN Force," The Nation, Oct. 6, 2011.

360

Kathie Klarreich, "Will the United Nations' Legacy in Haiti Be All About Scandal?" The Christian Science Monitor, June 13, 2012.

361

"Fearful Crowds Wreck Clinic as Panic over Cholera Grows," The Times (London), Oct. 29, 2010.

362

"Oxfam Workers Flee Riot-Torn Cholera City as Disease Spreads Across Border," The Times (London), Nov. 17, 2010.

363

Samuel Cohn, "Pandemics: Waves of Disease, Waves of Hate from the Plague of Athens to AIDS," Historical Research 85, no. 230 (2012): 535–55.

364

Susan Sontag, Illness as Metaphor and AIDS and Its Metaphors (New York: Macmillan, 2001), 40–41.

365

Cohn, "Pandemics."

366

United Nations Senior Advisory Group, "Report of the Senior Advisory Group on Rates of Reimbursement to Troop-Contributing Countries and Other Related Issues," Oct. 11, 2012.

367

Zachary K. Rothschild et al., "A Dual-Motive Model of Scapegoating: Displacing Blame to Reduce Guilt or Increase Control," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 102, no. 6 (2012): 1148.

368

Daniel Sullivan et al., "An Existential Function of Enemyship: Evidence That People Attribute Influence to Personal and Political Enemies to Compensate for Threats to Control," Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 98, no. 3 (2010): 434–49.