Пандемия: Всемирная история смертельных вирусов

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559

Andrew Nikiforuk, "Beetlemania," New Scientist, Nov. 5, 2011.

560

M. C. Fisher et al., "Emerging Fungal Threats to Animal, Plant and Ecosystem Health," Nature 484 (April 2012): 186–94.

561

Ibid.

562

Arturo Casadevall, "Fungi and the Rise of Mammals," PLoS Pathogens 8, no. 8 (2012): e1002808.

563

Arturo Casadevall, "Thoughts on the Origin of Microbial Virulence," International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases, Atlanta, GA, March 13, 2012.

564

Письмо Ларри Мэдоффа подписчикам Pro-MED, 5 июня 2012 года.

565

Fisher, "Emerging Fungal Threats to Animal, Plant and Ecosystem Health."

566

Markus G. Weinbauer and Fereidoun Rassoulzadegan, "Extinction of Microbes: Evidence and Potential Consequences," Endangered Species Research 3, no. 2 (2007): 205–15; Gerard Tortora, Berdelle Funke, and Christine Case, Microbiology: An Introduction, 10th ed. (San Francisco: Pearson Education, 2010).

567

Kat McGowan, "How Life Made the Leap from Single Cells to Multicellular Animals," Wired, Aug. 1, 2014

568

В анализах крови испытуемых, которым предъявлялись изображения людей, чихающих или покрытых оспинами, обнаруживалось на 23,6 % больше интерлейкина-6, чем у тех, кто разглядывал изображения предметов мебели или нацеленного оружия. C. L. Fincher and R. Thornhill, "Parasite-Stress Promotes In-Group Assortative Sociality: The Cases of Strong Family Ties and Heightened Religiosity," Behavioral and Brain Sciences 35, no. 2 (2012): 61–79.

569

Sabra L. Klein and Randy J. Nelson, "Influence of Social Factors on Immune Function and Reproduction," Reviews of Reproduction 4, no. 3 (1999): 168–78.

570

Matt Ridley, The Red Queen: Sex and the Evolution of Human Nature (New York: Macmillan, 1994), 80.

571

Michael A. Brockhurst, "Sex, Death, and the Red Queen," Science, July 8, 2011.

572

Makoto Takeo et al., "Wnt Activation in Nail Epithelium Couples Nail Growth to Digit Regeneration," Nature 499, no. 7457 (2013): 228–32.

573

Joshua Mitteldorf, "Evolutionary Origins of Aging," in Gregory M. Fahy et al., eds., The Future of Aging: Pathways to Human Life Extension (Dordrecht: Springer, 2010).

574

Jerome Wodinsky, "Hormonal Inhibition of Feeding and Death in Octopus: Control by Optic Gland Secretion," Science 198, no. 4320 (1977): 948–51.

575

Valter D. Longo, Joshua Mitteldorf, and Vladimir P. Skulachev, "Programmed and Altruistic Ageing," Nature Reviews Genetics 6, no. 11 (2005): 866–72.

576

Интервью с Джошуа Миттельдорфом, 4 февраля 2015 года.

577

Catherine Clabby, "A Magic Number? An Australian Team Says It Has Figured Out the Minimum Viable Population for Mammals, Reptiles, Birds, Plants and the Rest," American Scientist 98 (2010): 24–25.

578

Curtis H. Flather et al., "Minimum Viable Populations: Is There a 'Magic Number' for Conservation Practitioners?" Trends in Ecology & Evolution 26, no. 6 (2011): 307–16.

579

Согласно адаптационной теории старения, адаптивность самоубийственных генов проявляется на уровне популяции, а не особи. Эволюционные механизмы действия так называемого группового отбора в данном случае точно не установлены. Joshua Mitteldorf and John Pepper, "Senescence as an Adaptation to Limit the Spread of Disease," Journal of Theoretical Biology 260, no. 2 (2009): 186–95.

580

Diogo Meyer and Glenys Thomson, "How Selection Shapes Variation of the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex: A Review," Annals of Human Genetics 65, no. 1 (2001): 1–26.

581

Интервью с Гленис Томсон, 6 февраля 2015 года; Meyer and Thomson, "How Selection Shapes Variation of the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex."

582

Ajit Varki, "Human-Specific Changes in Siglec Genes," video lecture, CARTA: The Genetics of Humanness, April 9, 2011; Darius Ghaderi et al., "Sexual Selection by Female Immunity Against Paternal Antigens Can Fix Loss of Function Alleles," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 43 (2011): 17743–48.

583

Alasdair Wilkins, "How Sugar Molecules Secretly Shaped Human Evolution," io9, Oct. 10, 2011.

584

Интервью с Аджитом Варки, 9 февраля 2015 года; Bruce Lieberman, "Human Evolution: Details of Being Human," Nature, July 2, 2008.

585

Kenneth D. Beaman et al., "Immune Etiology of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss and Its Diagnosis," American Journal of Reproductive Immunology 67, no. 4 (2012): 319–25.

586

Annie N. Samraj et al., "A Red Meat-Derived Glycan Promotes Inflammation and Cancer Progression," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 112, no. 2 (2015): 542–47.

587

F. B. Piel et al., "Global Epidemiology of Sickle Haemoglobin in Neonates: A Contemporary Geostatistical Model-Based Map and Population Estimates," The Lancet 381, no. 9861 (Jan. 2013): 142–51.

588

Elinor K. Karlsson, Dominic P. Kwiatkowski, and Pardis C. Sabeti, "Natural Selection and Infectious Disease in Human Populations," Nature Reviews Genetics 15, no. 6 (2014): 379–93.

589

David J. Anstee, "The Relationship Between Blood Groups and Disease," Blood 115, no. 23 (2010): 4635–43.

590

Karlsson, Kwiatkowski, and Sabeti, "Natural Selection and Infectious Disease in Human Populations."

591

Anstee, "The Relationship Between Blood Groups and Disease."

592

Gregory Demas and Randy Nelson, eds., Ecoimmunology (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012), 234.

593

Meyer and Thomson, "How Selection Shapes Variation of the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex."

594

Fincher and Thornhill, "Parasite-Stress Promotes In-Group Assortative Sociality.

595

McNeill, Plagues and Peoples, 91–92.

596

Fincher and Thornhill, "Parasite-Stress Promotes In-Group Assortative Sociality."

597

E. Cashdan, "Ethnic Diversity and Its Environmental Determinants: Effects of Climate, Pathogens, and Habitat Diversity," American Anthropologist 103 (2001): 968–91.

598

Carlos David Navarrete and Daniel M. T. Fessler, "Disease Avoidance and Ethnocentrism: The Effects of Disease Vulnerability and Disgust Sensitivity on Intergroup Attitudes," Evolution and Human Behavior 27, no. 4 (2006): 270–82.

599

Andrew Spielman and Michael d'Antonio, Mosquito: The Story of Man's Deadliest Foe (New York: Hyperion, 2002), 49.

600

Diamond, Guns, Germs, and Steel, 210–11.

601

Sonia Shah, The Fever: How Malaria Has Ruled Humankind for 500,000 Years (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2010), 41–43.

602

R. Thornhill and S. W. Gangestad, "Facial Sexual Dimorphism, Developmental Stability and Susceptibility to Disease in Men and Women," Evolution and Human Behavior 27 (2006): 131–44.

603

A. Booth and J. Dabbs, "Testosterone and Men's Marriages," Social Forces 72 (1993): 463–77.

604

Anthony C. Little, Lisa M. DeBruine, and Benedict C. Jones, "Exposure to Visual Cues of Pathogen Contagion Changes Preferences for Masculinity and Symmetry in Opposite-Sex Faces," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 278, no. 1714 (2011): 2032–39.

605

Meyer and Thomson, "How Selection Shapes Variation of the Human Major Histocompatibility Complex."

606

Margaret McFall-Ngai et al., "Animals in a Bacterial World, a New Imperative for the Life Sciences," Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 110, no. 9 (2013): 3229–36; Gerard Eberl, "A New Vision of Immunity: Homeostasis of the Superorganism," Mucosal Immunology 3, no. 5 (2010): 450–60.

607

John F. Cryan and Timothy G. Dinan, "Mind-Altering Microorganisms: The Impact of the Gut Microbiota on Brain and Behaviour," Nature Reviews Neuroscience 13, no. 10 (2012): 701–12.

608

McGowan, "How Life Made the Leap from Single Cells to Multicellular Animals."

609

F. Prugnolle et al., "Pathogen-Driven Selection and Worldwide HLA Class I Diversity," Current Biology 15 (2005): 1022–27.

610

Kenneth Miller, "Archaeologists Find Earliest Evidence of Humans Cooking with Fire," Discover, May 2013.

611

Christopher Sandom et al., "Global Late Quaternary Megafauna Extinctions Linked to Humans, Not Climate Change," Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 281, no. 1787 (June 4, 2014).

612

Saeed Ahmed and Dorrine Mendoza, "Ebola Hysteria: An Epic, Epidemic Overreaction," CNN, Oct. 20, 2014.

613

Reuters, "Kentucky Teacher Resigns Amid Parents' Ebola Fears: Report," The Huffington Post, Nov. 3, 2014; Olga Khazan, "The Psychology of Irrational Fear," The Atlantic, Oct. 31, 2014; Amanda Terkel, "Oklahoma Teacher Will Have to Quarantine Herself After Trip to Ebola-free Rwanda," The Huffington Post, Oct. 28, 2014; Amanda Cuda and John Burgeson, "Milford Girl in Ebola Scare Wants to Return to School," www.CTPost.com, Oct. 30, 2014.

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